英語句子中，主語的“人稱”和“數(shù)”要限制，決定謂語動(dòng)詞的形式變化，這就叫“主謂一致”關(guān)系。它通常依據(jù)三項(xiàng)原則：
    1)語法一致; 2)意義一致; 3)就近一致。
    【語法一致原則】
    I .主語的“人稱”決定謂語動(dòng)詞的形式。e.g.
    ①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她愛好音樂。
    ②Are your mother a worker ? (誤)你母親是工人嗎?
    Is your mother a worker ?(正)(主語your mother 是單數(shù)第三人稱)
    II .主語的“數(shù)”決定謂語動(dòng)詞的形式。
    1.“不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)、單數(shù)代詞、不定式(短語)、動(dòng)名詞(短語)”或“從句”等作主語，用單數(shù)謂語形式。e.g.
    ①The work is important . 這項(xiàng)工作重要。
    ②To serve the country is our duty . 為祖國服務(wù)是我們的義務(wù)。
    ③How and why he left was a sad story . 他離開的經(jīng)過和原因是一段傷心的經(jīng)歷。
    2. 復(fù)數(shù)的名詞、代詞一般接復(fù)數(shù)謂語形式。e.g.
    ①The children are taken good care of . 孩子們得到很好的照料。
    ②They have gone to Chengdu . 他們?nèi)コ啥剂恕?BR>    II. 以“and ”或“both… and”連接的并列主語：
    1.通常作復(fù)數(shù)用 。e.g.
    ①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡膠從不腐爛。
    ②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。
    ③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和湯姆都喜歡醫(yī)學(xué)。
    2. 如果并列主語指的是“同一個(gè)”人(事、物、抽象概念)，作單數(shù)用。e.g.
    ①The worker and writer has come . 這位工人作家來了。
    ②A cart and horse was seen in the distance . 遠(yuǎn)處能看見有一套馬車。
    ③Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真誠是最好的策略。
    3. “and”前、后的單數(shù)詞語都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修飾時(shí)，仍作單數(shù)用。e.g.
    ①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.這里每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都享有平等權(quán)益。
    ②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .沒有哪個(gè)教師或?qū)W生可以免于參加這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。
    Ⅳ. 主語前、后加表“數(shù)、量”等的修飾語時(shí)：
    1. a)“many a + 單名 ”接單數(shù)謂語：“a good (great ) many + 復(fù)名”接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g.
    ①M(fèi)any a fine man has died for it . 許多優(yōu)秀戰(zhàn)士為此獻(xiàn)出了生命。
    ②A great many parents were present at the meeting . 許多家長出席了會(huì)議。
    b)"a / an + 單名+ or two " 大多接單數(shù)謂語： "one or two + 復(fù)名"接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g.
    ①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需說一兩句。
    ②One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一兩條理由。
    c)"a / an + 單名+ and a half"常接單數(shù)謂語;“one and a half +復(fù)名”多接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g.
    ①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已過去了。
    ②One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已賣了一噸半大米。
    d) "more than one + 單名"大多接單數(shù)謂語。e.g.
    ①M(fèi)ore than one person was (were )absent . 不止一個(gè)人缺席。
    "more + 復(fù)名+ than one "接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g.
    ②More students than one have been there . 不止一個(gè)學(xué)生去過那兒。
    "more than two (three,…)+復(fù)名 " 接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。e.g.
    ③More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名學(xué)生聽了這場音樂會(huì)。
    2 ，主語前加表示“單位、度量”的短語如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre /… )of”等時(shí)，表示“單位、度量”的這個(gè)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語形式。e.g.
    a)①There is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . 只剩下少量的紙(書)了。
    ②Large quantities of water are needed . 需要大量的水。
    b)①This kind of apple is sweet . 這種蘋果甜。
    ②This kind of apples is (are) sweet . (大多依 kind ，作單數(shù)用 )
    ③These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . (總作復(fù)數(shù)用)
    但:Apples of this kind are sweet . (總作復(fù)數(shù)用)
    3. 主語后接“with…”等構(gòu)成的短語修飾成分時(shí)：謂語仍須與這類短語前的“主語”一致?？蓸?gòu)成這類短語的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ”等。e.g.
    ①A woman with two children has come . 一位婦女帶著兩個(gè)孩子來了。
    ②I as well as they am ready to help you . 不僅他們，我也愿幫助你。
    4. "one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 定語從句"：
    1)定語從句的先行詞通常是這個(gè)“復(fù)數(shù)名詞”，因此從句的謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。e.g.
    ①This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 這是今年出版的最佳小說之一。(關(guān)系詞“that”代“novels”)
    ②He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表揚(yáng)的男孩之一。
    2)若“one”前加“this, the ,the only ”等時(shí)，定語從句的關(guān)系詞指代one，作從句主語時(shí)，接單數(shù)謂語。e.g.
    He was the only one of the boys who was praaised .他是男孩中唯一受到表揚(yáng)的。(關(guān)系詞who 代 the only one )
    【意義一致原則(Notional Concord)】
    I. 集合名詞作主語時(shí)：(參見“名詞”部分)
    1. 有些通常作復(fù)數(shù)用(不變?cè)~形)。如：“people , police , cattle (牛，牲口)，folk , youth , militia (民兵)”，等。e.g.
    The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕獲兇手。
    2. 有些指“整體”時(shí)作單數(shù)，指其中的“成員”時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)(不變?cè)~形)。如 "army , audience(聽眾),class ,club (俱樂部) ,company(公司), committee(委員會(huì)) ,crew ,crowd ,staff(員工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ? ,couple ,population ,team ."等。e.g.
    ①Our family is a happy one . 我們有個(gè)幸福的家庭。
    ②The family are early risers . 這家人都起得早。
    ③The public are (is )requested not to litter . 請(qǐng)公眾不要亂扔廢棄物。
    但上述集合名詞也可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：families , two classes .等。有些變復(fù)數(shù)形式后意義不同。如：peoples多個(gè)民族。 youths男青年。 folks親友。
    II. 代詞作主語時(shí)：(參見“代詞”部分)
    1. 不定代詞"each ,one , much, (a)little ,elther ,neither ,another ,the other(+單名)"等常作單數(shù)用。它們所修飾的主語也作單數(shù)。e.g.
    ①Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每個(gè)女孩都有頂新帽子。
    ②Neither plan suits me .③Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 兩個(gè)計(jì)劃都不適合我。
    2. 下列復(fù)合不定代詞一般作單數(shù)用：“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g.
    ①Is everybody here ? 都到齊了嗎?
    ②There was nothing special then. 那時(shí)沒什么特別情況。
    3. 下列不定代詞作復(fù)數(shù)用：“(a)few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g.
    ①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 沒幾個(gè)(客人)是我們熟識(shí)的。
    ②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 兩部影片都有趣。
    4下列代詞須視其“具體所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)：
    1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.
    ①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是誰?
    ②Who are League Members .哪些是團(tuán)員?
    2)"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g.
    ①All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的學(xué)生)都在用功。
    ②All (of the paint ) is fine .(這些油漆)都很好。
    3)"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的)"，等。e.g.
    ①Half of the apples are bad .蘋果中有一半是壞的。
    ②Half of the apple is bad .這只蘋果壞了一半。
    Ⅲ.“數(shù)詞”、“數(shù)量、單位”等詞語作主語時(shí)：
    1. 表示“運(yùn)算”的數(shù)詞通常作單數(shù) 。e.g.
    Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。
    2.表“時(shí)間、距離、金額、度量衡”等的詞語，作“整體”看時(shí)作單數(shù)用，側(cè)重指“若干單位”時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g.
    ①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光陰，彈指一揮間。
    ②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他離開已二十個(gè)年頭了。
    3.“分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)”通常依其“具體所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。e.g.
    ①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 這些書中百分之四十/五分之二值得讀。
    ②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。
    4. "a number of (許多)/ a varlety of (各式各樣) "+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，常作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g.
    ①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 這個(gè)班有不少同學(xué)來自四川。
    ②There are a variety of toys in this shop.這家商店有各種各樣的玩具。
    但是，“the number(數(shù)目)/ the variety(種類)”+ of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作單數(shù)。e.g.
    ①The number of students in this college has doubled . 這所大學(xué)的學(xué)生人數(shù)翻了一番。
    ②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 這家商店貨物品種豐富。
    Ⅳ.單、復(fù)數(shù)同形或易混的詞作主語時(shí)：(參見“名詞”部分)
    1.以“-ics”結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞：指教育、科研的某一學(xué)科，作單數(shù)。e.g.
    Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎覺得數(shù)學(xué)不難。
    但是，表“具體的學(xué)業(yè)、活動(dòng)”等時(shí)，多用作復(fù)數(shù)。e.g.
    ①Her mathematics are weak . 她數(shù)學(xué)差。(指“學(xué)業(yè)成績、能力”)
    ②What are your politiscs? 你的政治觀點(diǎn)如何?
    2. “works工廠，means方法，series系列，species物種，aircraft飛機(jī)”等名詞單、復(fù)數(shù)同形，要從上下文判斷其具體意義來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。e.g.
    ①This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 這(幾)家工廠是兩年前修建的。
    ②Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各種辦法都試過了。
    這類名詞通常還有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (總部駐地),bellows(風(fēng)箱), plastics, gallows (絞架), manners(禮貌) ,whereabouts (行蹤), ”等。(但news(消息)是不可數(shù)名詞，通常只作單數(shù)用。)
    Ⅴ. "the + 形容詞/分詞"作主語時(shí)：
    1. 指“一類”人或事物時(shí)，常用作復(fù)數(shù)用。e.g.
    ①The English speak English. 英國人講英語。
    ②The rejected were heaped in the corner . 廢品堆在角落里。
    2.指“某一個(gè)”人，或“抽象的”事物時(shí)，作單數(shù)用。e.g.
    ①The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父親。
    ②The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。
    ③The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、進(jìn)步的事物總是要戰(zhàn)勝舊的東西。
    Ⅵ.專用名詞作主語時(shí)：
    1.“書名、劇名、報(bào)刊名、國家名”等通常作單數(shù)用。e.g.
    ①The United States was founded in 1776. 美國成立于1776年。
    ②The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 《天方夜譚》很有趣。
    2.“書刊名”有時(shí)作單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)兩可，尤其是編成集子的書。e.g.
    Dickens' Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 .
    狄更斯所著的《美國筆記》出版于1842年。
    Ⅶ“what等引導(dǎo)的從句”作主語時(shí)：
    1. 大多作單數(shù)用。e.g.
    ①What we need is more practice . 我們需要的是更多的實(shí)踐。
    ②What he says doesn't agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。
    2.若從句是含復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)、或“表語”是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)兩可。e.g.
    ①What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么說以及怎么想，不關(guān)我的事。
    ②What he bought was /were some books . 他所買的是幾本書。
    【就近一致原則(Proximity)】
    也稱“鄰近原則”，即：謂語與靠近的名詞、代詞(有時(shí)不一定是主語)在“人稱、數(shù)”上一致。
    I.在正式文體中：
    1.由下列詞語連接的并列主語："or ; either …or;nor; neither…or;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g.
    ①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行為或言談都與我無關(guān)。
    ②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯(cuò)。
    ③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父親該受責(zé)備。
    ④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不僅你錯(cuò)了，他也錯(cuò)了。
    2. 在倒裝句中：謂語可與后面第一個(gè)主語一致。e.g.
    ①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在遠(yuǎn)處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。
    ②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。
    II. 非正式文體中：
    有時(shí)依“就近一致原則”，但也可依“意義一致原則”或嚴(yán)格地依“語法一致原則”。e.g.
    Neither she nor I were there (意義一致) 我和他當(dāng)時(shí)都不在那兒。(非正式)
    Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(譯文同上句)(正式)
    但是，如果依“就近一致原則”而與其他兩項(xiàng)原則相矛盾時(shí)，則常常認(rèn)為是不太合符規(guī)范的。e.g.
    No one except his own supporters agree with him .僅他自己的支持者同意他的意見。(依“就近”和“意義”一致的原則;但語法上，“No one ”才是主語，謂語要改成“agrees”?！皩懽髦小币话阋馈罢Z法一致”原則。
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