(出國(guó)留學(xué)網(wǎng)liuxue86.com)
四十年來(lái),盡管非性別歧視語(yǔ)還沒(méi)有達(dá)到非不可的程度,但它畢竟已進(jìn)人日常會(huì)話和寫(xiě)作的主流之中。隨便翻開(kāi)一張英美的報(bào)紙,或瞧一下五花八門(mén)的宣傳廣告,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)supervisor(工頭,領(lǐng)班)替代了原來(lái)的foreman,workman’s compensation(工人賠償金)變成了worker’s compensation;sales rep,sales associate或seller(推銷員)取代了常用詞salesman等。
1.盡量不用通性代詞he,除了明確地指代一個(gè)男性人物時(shí),都要設(shè)法避免使用之??梢愿鶕?jù)語(yǔ)境需要,選用下列替換方式:
1)采用復(fù)數(shù)形式
Sexist:When bathing a baby,never leave him unattended.
Revised:When bathing babies,never leave them unattended.
給嬰兒洗澡時(shí),一定不能讓他們無(wú)人照料。
2)用we/us/our改寫(xiě)原句
Sexist:From each according to his abilities,to each according to his needs.
Revised:From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.
各盡所能,按需分配。
3)改用第二人稱、
Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
Revised: You don‘t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas,purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.
只有當(dāng)汽車大的油用光了,按分規(guī)付款方式購(gòu)物和撫養(yǎng)大一個(gè)孩子時(shí),人的本來(lái)品性才會(huì)顯露出來(lái)。
4)改用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
Sexist:One who,when he has the choice of two evils,chooses both.
Revised:One who,when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.
一個(gè)在兩種惡行之中要作出選擇就兩者都選的人。
5)完全省略代詞
Sexist: What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?
Revised:What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?
一個(gè)人離去后,會(huì)作何感想呢?
6)用冠詞替代
Sexist:Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one?
Revised:Can a critic give an opinion of...?
評(píng)論家議論煎蛋時(shí)難道到非要他去自己煎雞蛋嗎?
7)用someone,one, the one,no one等替代
Sexist:He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.
Revised:Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.
接受忠告者有時(shí)勝過(guò)發(fā)出忠告者。
8)使用he and she或his and her,但使用的次數(shù)不宜太多。s/he僅可用于備忘錄(memos),便條(notes),或者非正式的交談之中。
9)用名詞或上下文中用過(guò)的同義詞替換
Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.
Revised: To find a friend,one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.
想找朋友;就得睜一只眼,閉一只眼;想留住朋友,就得雙眼都閉上。
2.盡量使用那些包括兩性在內(nèi)的詞,即無(wú)性別之分的詞(gender-free words),
例如: child,teacher,officer(警官),people,worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者,選民), coach(教練),church member(教友), sale rep(推銷員),grand parent(外/祖父或祖母),leader,evening student, employee (雇員),testee(考生,應(yīng)試者),engineer,customers(顧客), dealer(交易者,商人),clerk(職員,辦事員),civilian(平民),scientist, operator(接線員,辦事員),patriot(愛(ài)國(guó)者),person, planner(策劃者,計(jì)劃者),politician(政客), producer(生產(chǎn)者、制造者),tutor(家庭教師,導(dǎo)師,[美國(guó)]助教),reporter,writer,chief executive(首席行政長(zhǎng)官),everybody, expert等.
3、如非特指男性或女性,盡量用同義詞或近義詞替換含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后綴的詞,例如:
calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model掛歷模特
call girl(應(yīng)召女郎)--prostitute妓女
cover girl(雜志封面女郎)--cover model封面模特
flag girl(女司旗手)--flag bearer司旗手,執(zhí)旗員
flower girl(賣花女)--flower seller賣花人
housewife(家庭主婦)--house worker(家務(wù)工人)
midwife(接生婆)--birth attendant(助產(chǎn)士)
showgirl(舞女,歌女)--dancer(伴舞者)
chairman(主席)--chair, head(主席,頭頭)
ring man(賭/賽馬者)--bettor;gambler(賭馬者,賭博者)
seaman(海員,水兵)--sailor;navigator;mariner pilot, captain水手,航海者,船員,領(lǐng)航員,船長(zhǎng)
spokesman (發(fā)言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent發(fā)言人,代表,
right-hand man(得力助手) --right hand; deputy; assistant;helper得力助手,副手,助理,助手
4.寫(xiě)信時(shí),如果不知道收信人的性別,最好不要使用傳統(tǒng)的Dear Sir;Dear Gentleman,Dear Madam.可以選用下列之一:
1) Dear friends of the library(親愛(ài)的圖書(shū)館的朋友們)
2)Dear Madams and Sirs(親愛(ài)的女士們及先生們)
3) Dear Personnel Officer(親愛(ài)的人事處長(zhǎng))
4)Dear Committee Member(親愛(ài)的委員)
5)Dear Citizen(親愛(ài)的公民)
6)Dear Customer(親愛(ài)的顧客)
7) Dear Councilor(親愛(ài)的參議員,或顧問(wèn))
8)Dear Agent(親愛(ài)的代辦)
9)Dear Director(親愛(ài)的廠長(zhǎng)或局長(zhǎng);主任;)
5.盡量少引用含有通性詞man; men的引語(yǔ),如果非引用不可,下列處理辦法可供選擇:
1)不直接引用,把引語(yǔ)進(jìn)行釋義
Sexist:W. Phillips said: "The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet."
Revised:W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet.
W·菲利普斯說(shuō):“行使法律的最好辦法是教導(dǎo)人們把不好的法律踩在腳下。"
2)使用[sic](原文如此)讓讀者意識(shí)到原文中的man使用得不大恰當(dāng)。例如:
w. Phillips said:“The best used laws is to teach men[sic] to trample bad ones under their feet.”
3)對(duì)上述引語(yǔ),也可只引用其中的一部分,例如:
W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people "to trample bad laws under their feet”。
02月24日《如何在英文寫(xiě)作中避免性別歧視》的延伸閱讀,我們精心準(zhǔn)備了推薦信撰寫(xiě)技巧供您參考。
推薦信必須由具公信力的人撰寫(xiě)才有信服力。評(píng)估申請(qǐng)人是否具備未來(lái)發(fā)展必要的學(xué)術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)資格。
推薦人必須誠(chéng)實(shí)、真正了解申請(qǐng)人的學(xué)經(jīng)歷,且推薦信內(nèi)容一切需以「事實(shí)」為依據(jù)。
推薦信內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)與申請(qǐng)人所繳交其他信息中對(duì)于自己的描述「不相抵觸」,而且要「相互呼應(yīng)」。
避免過(guò)度籠統(tǒng)和陳腔濫調(diào)。
好的推薦信應(yīng)當(dāng)由具備相當(dāng)知名度、且與申請(qǐng)人熟識(shí)的人撰寫(xiě)。申請(qǐng)人職場(chǎng)上的長(zhǎng)官、同事、或?qū)W校里的老師是最佳人選。相處時(shí)間夠久,寫(xiě)的推薦信才有價(jià)值。
推薦人的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域或技術(shù)背景最好是與申請(qǐng)人申請(qǐng)科系相同。另外亦可委托與學(xué)校當(dāng)局或?qū)W校評(píng)審委員關(guān)系密切的人撰寫(xiě)。
好的推薦信應(yīng)當(dāng)可以解答學(xué)校評(píng)審委員在審查申請(qǐng)書(shū)時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些問(wèn)題。
推薦信的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該放在學(xué)校評(píng)審委員最認(rèn)為最重要的消息。如果你申請(qǐng)的科系以專業(yè)知識(shí)或?qū)嵱眯詾橹鳎鞴芑蚬就瑑姇?huì)是比老師更好的推薦人人選。相反的,如果你申請(qǐng)念 Ph.D. 或以學(xué)術(shù)為主的科系,教授對(duì)于您學(xué)術(shù)資格的評(píng)估則較具可信力。
推薦人評(píng)估申請(qǐng)人的基準(zhǔn)應(yīng)當(dāng)在推薦信中詳細(xì)寫(xiě)出。(例如,推薦人過(guò)去五年內(nèi)任教的大學(xué)中,申請(qǐng)人在所有教過(guò)學(xué)生當(dāng)中確切的排名;或是申請(qǐng)人的業(yè)績(jī)占公司前一年總營(yíng)業(yè)額的百分比。
如果您還有什么不明白的,可以訪問(wèn)我們的留學(xué)申請(qǐng)文書(shū)寫(xiě)作頻道.再次感謝你閱讀本文,希望能幫助到你。
四十年來(lái),盡管非性別歧視語(yǔ)還沒(méi)有達(dá)到非不可的程度,但它畢竟已進(jìn)人日常會(huì)話和寫(xiě)作的主流之中。隨便翻開(kāi)一張英美的報(bào)紙,或瞧一下五花八門(mén)的宣傳廣告,就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)supervisor(工頭,領(lǐng)班)替代了原來(lái)的foreman,workman’s compensation(工人賠償金)變成了worker’s compensation;sales rep,sales associate或seller(推銷員)取代了常用詞salesman等。
1.盡量不用通性代詞he,除了明確地指代一個(gè)男性人物時(shí),都要設(shè)法避免使用之??梢愿鶕?jù)語(yǔ)境需要,選用下列替換方式:
1)采用復(fù)數(shù)形式
Sexist:When bathing a baby,never leave him unattended.
Revised:When bathing babies,never leave them unattended.
給嬰兒洗澡時(shí),一定不能讓他們無(wú)人照料。
2)用we/us/our改寫(xiě)原句
Sexist:From each according to his abilities,to each according to his needs.
Revised:From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.
各盡所能,按需分配。
3)改用第二人稱、
Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.
Revised: You don‘t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas,purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.
只有當(dāng)汽車大的油用光了,按分規(guī)付款方式購(gòu)物和撫養(yǎng)大一個(gè)孩子時(shí),人的本來(lái)品性才會(huì)顯露出來(lái)。
4)改用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
Sexist:One who,when he has the choice of two evils,chooses both.
Revised:One who,when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.
一個(gè)在兩種惡行之中要作出選擇就兩者都選的人。
5)完全省略代詞
Sexist: What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?
Revised:What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?
一個(gè)人離去后,會(huì)作何感想呢?
6)用冠詞替代
Sexist:Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one?
Revised:Can a critic give an opinion of...?
評(píng)論家議論煎蛋時(shí)難道到非要他去自己煎雞蛋嗎?
7)用someone,one, the one,no one等替代
Sexist:He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.
Revised:Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.
接受忠告者有時(shí)勝過(guò)發(fā)出忠告者。
8)使用he and she或his and her,但使用的次數(shù)不宜太多。s/he僅可用于備忘錄(memos),便條(notes),或者非正式的交談之中。
9)用名詞或上下文中用過(guò)的同義詞替換
Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.
Revised: To find a friend,one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.
想找朋友;就得睜一只眼,閉一只眼;想留住朋友,就得雙眼都閉上。
2.盡量使用那些包括兩性在內(nèi)的詞,即無(wú)性別之分的詞(gender-free words),
例如: child,teacher,officer(警官),people,worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者,選民), coach(教練),church member(教友), sale rep(推銷員),grand parent(外/祖父或祖母),leader,evening student, employee (雇員),testee(考生,應(yīng)試者),engineer,customers(顧客), dealer(交易者,商人),clerk(職員,辦事員),civilian(平民),scientist, operator(接線員,辦事員),patriot(愛(ài)國(guó)者),person, planner(策劃者,計(jì)劃者),politician(政客), producer(生產(chǎn)者、制造者),tutor(家庭教師,導(dǎo)師,[美國(guó)]助教),reporter,writer,chief executive(首席行政長(zhǎng)官),everybody, expert等.
3、如非特指男性或女性,盡量用同義詞或近義詞替換含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后綴的詞,例如:
calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model掛歷模特
call girl(應(yīng)召女郎)--prostitute妓女
cover girl(雜志封面女郎)--cover model封面模特
flag girl(女司旗手)--flag bearer司旗手,執(zhí)旗員
flower girl(賣花女)--flower seller賣花人
housewife(家庭主婦)--house worker(家務(wù)工人)
midwife(接生婆)--birth attendant(助產(chǎn)士)
showgirl(舞女,歌女)--dancer(伴舞者)
chairman(主席)--chair, head(主席,頭頭)
ring man(賭/賽馬者)--bettor;gambler(賭馬者,賭博者)
seaman(海員,水兵)--sailor;navigator;mariner pilot, captain水手,航海者,船員,領(lǐng)航員,船長(zhǎng)
spokesman (發(fā)言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent發(fā)言人,代表,
right-hand man(得力助手) --right hand; deputy; assistant;helper得力助手,副手,助理,助手
4.寫(xiě)信時(shí),如果不知道收信人的性別,最好不要使用傳統(tǒng)的Dear Sir;Dear Gentleman,Dear Madam.可以選用下列之一:
1) Dear friends of the library(親愛(ài)的圖書(shū)館的朋友們)
2)Dear Madams and Sirs(親愛(ài)的女士們及先生們)
3) Dear Personnel Officer(親愛(ài)的人事處長(zhǎng))
4)Dear Committee Member(親愛(ài)的委員)
5)Dear Citizen(親愛(ài)的公民)
6)Dear Customer(親愛(ài)的顧客)
7) Dear Councilor(親愛(ài)的參議員,或顧問(wèn))
8)Dear Agent(親愛(ài)的代辦)
9)Dear Director(親愛(ài)的廠長(zhǎng)或局長(zhǎng);主任;)
5.盡量少引用含有通性詞man; men的引語(yǔ),如果非引用不可,下列處理辦法可供選擇:
1)不直接引用,把引語(yǔ)進(jìn)行釋義
Sexist:W. Phillips said: "The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet."
Revised:W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet.
W·菲利普斯說(shuō):“行使法律的最好辦法是教導(dǎo)人們把不好的法律踩在腳下。"
2)使用[sic](原文如此)讓讀者意識(shí)到原文中的man使用得不大恰當(dāng)。例如:
w. Phillips said:“The best used laws is to teach men[sic] to trample bad ones under their feet.”
3)對(duì)上述引語(yǔ),也可只引用其中的一部分,例如:
W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people "to trample bad laws under their feet”。
02月24日《如何在英文寫(xiě)作中避免性別歧視》的延伸閱讀,我們精心準(zhǔn)備了推薦信撰寫(xiě)技巧供您參考。
推薦信必須由具公信力的人撰寫(xiě)才有信服力。評(píng)估申請(qǐng)人是否具備未來(lái)發(fā)展必要的學(xué)術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)資格。
推薦人必須誠(chéng)實(shí)、真正了解申請(qǐng)人的學(xué)經(jīng)歷,且推薦信內(nèi)容一切需以「事實(shí)」為依據(jù)。
推薦信內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)與申請(qǐng)人所繳交其他信息中對(duì)于自己的描述「不相抵觸」,而且要「相互呼應(yīng)」。
避免過(guò)度籠統(tǒng)和陳腔濫調(diào)。
好的推薦信應(yīng)當(dāng)由具備相當(dāng)知名度、且與申請(qǐng)人熟識(shí)的人撰寫(xiě)。申請(qǐng)人職場(chǎng)上的長(zhǎng)官、同事、或?qū)W校里的老師是最佳人選。相處時(shí)間夠久,寫(xiě)的推薦信才有價(jià)值。
推薦人的學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域或技術(shù)背景最好是與申請(qǐng)人申請(qǐng)科系相同。另外亦可委托與學(xué)校當(dāng)局或?qū)W校評(píng)審委員關(guān)系密切的人撰寫(xiě)。
好的推薦信應(yīng)當(dāng)可以解答學(xué)校評(píng)審委員在審查申請(qǐng)書(shū)時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些問(wèn)題。
推薦信的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該放在學(xué)校評(píng)審委員最認(rèn)為最重要的消息。如果你申請(qǐng)的科系以專業(yè)知識(shí)或?qū)嵱眯詾橹鳎鞴芑蚬就瑑姇?huì)是比老師更好的推薦人人選。相反的,如果你申請(qǐng)念 Ph.D. 或以學(xué)術(shù)為主的科系,教授對(duì)于您學(xué)術(shù)資格的評(píng)估則較具可信力。
推薦人評(píng)估申請(qǐng)人的基準(zhǔn)應(yīng)當(dāng)在推薦信中詳細(xì)寫(xiě)出。(例如,推薦人過(guò)去五年內(nèi)任教的大學(xué)中,申請(qǐng)人在所有教過(guò)學(xué)生當(dāng)中確切的排名;或是申請(qǐng)人的業(yè)績(jī)占公司前一年總營(yíng)業(yè)額的百分比。
如果您還有什么不明白的,可以訪問(wèn)我們的留學(xué)申請(qǐng)文書(shū)寫(xiě)作頻道.再次感謝你閱讀本文,希望能幫助到你。