英語常用基本句式和句型結(jié)構(gòu)
【要點(diǎn)歸納】
▲英語句式絕大多數(shù)以S+V(主語+謂語)結(jié)構(gòu)為核心架構(gòu)。英語是SV型語言。即以S+V(主語+謂語)結(jié)構(gòu)為主干，以謂語動(dòng)詞為核心。
▲一般來說，一個(gè)英語句子若沒有謂語動(dòng)詞(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞)，這個(gè)句子一定是錯(cuò)誤的。
▲英語句子的謂語只能由動(dòng)詞來充當(dāng)，動(dòng)詞在英語句子中如果不充當(dāng)謂語就必須用非謂語形式(動(dòng)名詞、不定式或分詞)。但漢語句子的謂語既可以是動(dòng)詞，也可以是形容詞、名詞等。
如：The prices are stable and the market is flourishing.
To study English is not easy.
Study English not easy. (×)
▲漢語句法的顯著特點(diǎn)是“動(dòng)詞連用”，動(dòng)詞不需要形態(tài)變化，便可以按時(shí)間和動(dòng)作發(fā)生先后順序和情節(jié)發(fā)展連續(xù)使用幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞。一個(gè)英語句子，除并列謂語的情形外，只能出現(xiàn)一個(gè)謂語，否則須用其他手段處理：
★ 變?yōu)榉侵^語形式
★ 連詞連接 ﹛并列連詞(并列謂語;并列句)
★ 從屬連詞→引出從句
★ 用名詞或介詞來表示
▲漢語“動(dòng)詞連用”有兩類，一類是由一個(gè)主語發(fā)出的連續(xù)幾個(gè)動(dòng)作，叫連動(dòng)式;一類是由謂語的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，前一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的賓語是后一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的主語，即兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不是由一個(gè)主語發(fā)出的，稱作兼語式。請(qǐng)看：
一)連動(dòng)式
英語中沒有漢語這種連動(dòng)式，表達(dá)先后關(guān)系的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞，可用and連接或用分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
我打開門走進(jìn)來。
I opened the door and came in. (Opening the door, I came in.)
二)兼語式
如：“他請(qǐng)我到他家來做客?！薄拔摇笔恰罢?qǐng)”的賓語，又是“到他家來做客”的主語。也就是說“我” 身兼兩職。英語句式表達(dá)漢語兼語式有以下幾種方式：
1) 將兼語式的第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為英語的賓語補(bǔ)足語，常用不定式，有時(shí)用不帶to的不定式，或分詞，副詞，形容詞，名詞，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)等。對(duì)于第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，漢語中常用的動(dòng)詞有“使”、“叫”、“請(qǐng)求”、“讓”、“迫使”、“導(dǎo)致”、“要求”、“命令”、“促進(jìn)”、“鼓勵(lì)”等，在英語中均有對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞(make, ask, beg, have, force, cause, demand, order, help, encourage等)。如：
He invited me to dinner in his house.
▲在SV總句式基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)謂語動(dòng)詞的類型不同，可總結(jié)出下五大句型：[S1]
⑴ 主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語 She seems kind.
a. The soup is delicious. (形容詞作表語)
b. Helen became an electrical engineer. (名詞作表語)
c. He is in good health. (介詞短語作表語)
d. The story is interesting. (現(xiàn)在分詞作表語)
e. His wish is to become a doctor. (動(dòng)詞不定式作表語)
⑵ 主語+不及物動(dòng)詞 He changed a lot.
a. The moon shines brightly. (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))
b. The car won’t go. (一般將來時(shí))
c. The child behaved badly at the party. (主語+不及物動(dòng)詞+程度狀語+地點(diǎn)狀語)
d. Production declined 6% last month. (一般過去式)
e. They will fly to London. (主語+不及物動(dòng)詞+地點(diǎn)狀語)
⑶ 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語 We love our country.
a. We visited our friends. (名詞作賓語)
b. I am considering going abroad. (動(dòng)名詞作賓語)
c. He can not afford to take a taxi. (動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語)
d. He caught her by the arm. (動(dòng)詞+賓語+介詞短語作方式狀語)
⑷ 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)
或 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+直接賓語(物)+to +間接賓語(人)
+for+間接賓語(人)
He gave me a present. (He gave a present to me.)
a. He often tells the children interesting stories.
b. He assigned Jack the toughest job.
c. I paid the repairman 50 dollars.
d. He sent some flowers to his girlfriend.
e. My mother made a new dress for my sister.
f. I'll tell you what I've been thinking. (賓語從句)
g. I assure you that this medicine will help you. (賓語從句)
h. You've got to promise me that you won't do that again.(主及賓結(jié)構(gòu)+不定連接+主及賓賓)
⑸ [/url]主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語 I found the book interesting.[S2]
a. His writing has made him a well-known public figure. (名詞作賓補(bǔ))
b. They found the book easy. (形容詞作賓補(bǔ))
c. I can see two ships in the harbor. (介詞短語作賓補(bǔ))
d. He kept me waiting too long. (現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ))
e. I have my hair cut every month. (過去分詞作賓補(bǔ))
f. They wanted him to study abroad. (動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ))
g. Will you tell me how to do it?
h. We advised her which course to take.
[S1]
五種基本句型歌 英語句子萬萬千，
五大句型把線牽。 句型種類為動(dòng)詞，
后接什么是關(guān)鍵; 系詞后面接表語;
vi獨(dú)身無牽連; vt又可分三類，
單賓雙賓最常見， 還有賓語補(bǔ)足語;
[S2]
1. Jim finds his job a challenge.[賓補(bǔ)為n.]
2. I found the movie interesting.[賓補(bǔ)為adj.]
3. Why did you leave the light on?[賓補(bǔ)為adv.]
4. We found her in tears.[賓補(bǔ)為介詞短語]
5. They encouraged her to try again.[賓補(bǔ)為不定式]
6. My mother told me not to worry.[賓補(bǔ)為不定式]
7. We heard someone knocking on the door.[賓補(bǔ)為V-ing]
8. Do you smell something burning?[賓補(bǔ)為V-ing]
9. I had my computer fixed last week.[賓補(bǔ)為V-ed]
10. You should make yourself understood.[賓補(bǔ)為V-ed]
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